Sunday, 8 October 2017



स्टीफन हॉकिंग
Stephen Hawking.StarChild.jpg
जन्मजानेवारी ८ १९४२
ऑक्सफर्ड, इंग्लंड
नागरिकत्वइंग्लंड
कार्यक्षेत्र(१) खभौतिकशास्त्र, (२) गणित
प्रशिक्षणऑक्सफर्ड विद्यापीठ
केंब्रिज विद्यापीठ
डॉक्टरेटचे मार्गदर्शकडेनिस विल्यम सियामा
ख्यातीकृष्णविवर
पुरस्कारकमांडर ऑफ दी ब्रिटिश एम्पायर
वडीलडॉ. फ्रँक हॉकिंग
आईइसोबेल हॉकिंग
पत्नी(१) जेन वाइल्ड, (२) इलेनी मेसन
अपत्ये(१) रॉबर्ट (पुत्र), (२) लूसी (कन्या), (३) तिमोथी (पुत्र)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

स्टीफन विल्यम हॉकिंग (जानेवारी ८ १९४२[१]) हे सैद्धांतिक भौतिकशास्त्रज्ञ आणि विश्वशास्त्रज्ञ आहेत. त्यांची पुस्तके आणि जाहीर कार्यक्रम यांनी त्यांना मोठी लोकप्रियता मिळवून दिली आहे. ते रॉयल सोसायटी ऑफ आर्टसचे मानद सदस्य आहेत. सन २००९ मध्ये त्यांना प्रेसिडेन्शीअल मेडल फॉर फ्रीडम या अमेरिकेतील सर्वोच्च नागरी सन्मानाने गौरविले गेले. केंब्रिज विद्यापीठात तीस वर्षे त्यांनी गणिताचे अध्यापन केले आहे. विश्वशास्त्र (कॉस्मॉलॉजी) आणि पुंज गुरुत्व (क्वांटम ग्रॅव्हिटी) या दोन शाखांमध्ये कृष्णविवरांच्या संदर्भाने त्यांनी दिलेले योगदान गौरविले जाते. कृष्णविवरेही किरणोत्सर्ग करीत असावीत, हे त्यांचे सैद्धांतिक अनुमान प्रसिद्ध आहे. अ ब्रिफ हिस्टरी ऑफ टाईम या त्यांच्या ग्रंथाने जगभरात लोकप्रियता मिळविली आहे. त्यांचे वडिल एक प्रसिध्द जीवशास्त्र विषयाचे संशोधक होते .



सुरूवातीचे जीवन आणि शिक्षण[संपादन]

स्टीफन हॉकिंग यांचा जन्म ८ जानेवारी १९४२ या दिवशी ऑक्सफर्ड, इंग्लंड येथे झाला. त्यांचे वडील डॉ.फ्रँक हॉकिंग जीवशास्त्राचे संशोधक होते. त्यांना फिलिफा आणि मेरी नामक दोन बहिणी आणि एडवर्ड हा दत्तक भाऊ अशी भावंडे आहेत. स्टीफन यांच्या जन्माच्या वेळी, डॉ.फ्रँक आणि इसाबेल या दांपत्त्याने उत्तर लंडनहून ऑक्सफर्डला स्थलांतर केले, कारण त्यावेळी दुसरे महायुद्ध चालु होते.
स्टीफन यांच्या जन्मानंतर हॉकिंग कुटुंबाने परत लंडनला स्थलांतर केले, कारण त्यांचे वडील नॅशनल इन्स्टीट्यूट ऑफ मेडिसीनमध्ये पार्सिटॉलॉजी विभागाचे प्रमुख झाले होते. १९५० मध्ये हॉकिंग कुटुंबाने सेंट अल्बान्स येथे स्थलांतर केले. येथेच १९५० ते १९५३ अशी तीन वर्षे त्यांचे शिक्षण "सेंन्ट अल्बान्स स्कूल फोर गर्ल्स" या शाळेत झाले. त्याकाळी गर्ल्स स्कूलमध्ये मुलांनाही प्रवेश मिळे. स्टीफन लहानपणापासून एकपाठी होते. त्यांना संगीत, गणित आणि भौतिकशास्त्राची आवड विद्यार्थीदशेपासूनच होती. हॉकिंग यांना पहिल्यापासून विज्ञान विषयात रस होता. गणिताच्या शिक्षकाच्या प्रेरणेमुळे त्यांना विद्यापीठात गणिताचे शिक्षण घ्यावयाचे होते पण त्यांच्या वडीलाना असे वाटत होते कि त्यांनी "युनिव्हर्सिटी कॉलेज, ऑक्सफर्ड" येथे प्रवेश घ्यावा. पण युनिव्हर्सिटी कॉलेजमध्ये त्यावेळी गणितासाठी फेलोशिपची सोय नसल्याने हॉकिंग यांनी निसर्गविज्ञान या विषयासाठी प्रवेश घेतला आणि त्यासाठी त्यांना स्कॉलरशिपसुद्धा मिळाली. त्यांनी १९६२ यावर्षी ऑक्सफर्ड विद्यापीठयेथून पदवी संपादन केल्यानंतर उच्च शिक्षणासाठी स्टीफन यांनी केंब्रिज विद्यापीठ येथे आपले नाव नोंदविले.

संशोधन[संपादन]

एकदा लंडनमध्ये गणितज्ञ रॉजर पेनरोज यांचे भाषण ऐकायला स्टीफन हॉकिंग गेले.
तार्‍यातील इंधन संपल्यावर तो बिंदूवत होऊ शकतो असे निष्कर्ष पेनरोज यांनी त्या भाषणात मांडले होते. यावरूनच स्टीफन हॉकिंग यांनी स्वतंत्र अभ्यास करून संपूर्ण विश्वाचाही तार्‍याप्रमाणेच अंत होऊ शकतो असा निष्कर्ष काढला, या प्रबंधावर स्टीफन हॉकिंग यांना डॉक्टरेट मिळाली. याच प्रबंधाचा पुढचा भाग सिंग्युलॅरिटीज अँड दी जीओमेट्री ऑफ स्पेसटाईम हा प्रबंध स्टीफन यांनी लिहिला. या प्रबंधासाठी १९६६ सालचे ऍडम्स प्राईझ त्यांना मिळाले.
स्टीफन हॉकिंग यांनी नंतर कृष्णविवर या विषयाकडे आपले लक्ष वळविले. यावर आइनस्टाइनच्या सापेक्षतावादाचा सिद्धांताची जोड देऊन गृहिते मांडणे सुरू केले. त्यावेळी हॉकिंग आपल्या शरीराची हालचाल करू शकण्यास असमर्थ होत गेले. एवढी अवघड गणिते त्यांनी केवळ मनातल्या मनात सोडविली. १९७४ साली हॉकिंग यांनी पहिल्यांदा पुंज यामिक आणि सापेक्षतावादाचा सिद्धांतची सांगड घालून दोन सिद्धांतांना एकत्र आणण्याचा प्रयत्न केला. स्टीफन हॉकिंग यांच्या या प्रबंधाला आधी जोरदार विरोध झाला पण नंतर स्टीफन हॉकिंग यांचे मत पटल्यावर त्या नव्या निष्कर्षाप्रमाणे होणार्‍या किरणोत्सर्जनाला हॉकिंग उत्सर्जन असे नाव देण्यात आले. त्याच वर्षी स्टीफन हॉकिंग यांचा कृष्णविवर या विषयावरील प्रबंध इंग्लंडच्या नेचर या नियतकालिकेत प्रसिद्ध झाला आणि त्यांची रॉयल सोसायटीचा फेलो म्हणून निवड झाली.
१९८० च्या दशकात हॉकिंग यांना ऑक्सफर्ड विद्यापीठ, प्रिन्स्टन विद्यापीठ, न्यूयॉर्क विद्यापीठ, लँकेस्टर विद्यापीठ या विद्यापीठांनी डॉक्टरेट देऊन त्यांचा सन्मान केला.
विज्ञान विषयात काम करीत असतांनाच हॉकिंग यांनी अपंग लोकांसाठी, त्यांच्या सोयींसाठी आणि त्यांच्यावरील अन्यायासाठी लढा दिला. यासाठी हॉकिंग यांना १९७९ Royal Association for Disability and Rehabilitation या संस्थेकडून मॅन ऑफ दि इयर हा किताब देण्यात आला.

आजार[संपादन]

१९६२ मध्ये हिवाळी सुट्यांसाठी स्टीफन आपल्या घरी गेले असता त्यांना अचानक त्रास होऊ लागला. उपचारासाठी अनेक डॉक्टरांकडे दाखवून झाले पण रोगाविषयी काहीच माहिती मिळेना. त्यातच रोगाचा जोर वाढला आणि ८ जानेवारी १९६३ रोजी, २१ व्या वाढदिवस साजरा करीपर्यंतच दिवशीच स्टीफन यांना एक असाध्य रोग झाल्याचे स्पष्ट झाले. या रोगाला इंग्लंडमध्ये मोटर न्यूरॉन डिसीज (MND) तर अमेरिकेत अमायो ट्रॉपिक लॅटरल स्क्लोरोसिस (A. L. S.) असे म्हणतात. या रोगामुळे शरीरातील स्नायूंवरचे नियंत्रण संपून जाते. याच्या सुरूवातीच्या काळात अशक्तपणा जाणवतो मग अडख़ळत बोलणे, अन्न गिळतांना त्रास होणे, हळूहळू चालणे-फिरणे आणि बोलणे बंद होत जाते. स्टीफन हॉकिंग जेमतेम दोन वर्षे जगतील असे त्यांना सांगण्यात आले. आधी ते खूप निराश झाले पण त्याच इस्पितळातील एका रोग्याला असाध्य रोगाशी झगडतांना पाहून स्टीफन यांनाही आशेचे किरण दिसू लागले.
स्टीफन यांना चालण्या-फिरण्यासाठी व्हील चेअरचा आधार घ्यावा लागला. मग या व्हील चेअरलाच एक संगणक जोडण्यात आला. फक्त एक बोट वापरून स्टीफन या संगणकावर हवे ते काम करू शकत. १९८५ साली हॉकिंग यांना न्यूमोनिया रोग झाला. केवळ श्वास नलिकेला छिद्र करूनच शस्त्रक्रिया होऊ शकणार असल्याने तशी शस्त्रक्रिया हॉकिंग यांच्यावर करण्यात आली पण त्यामुळे हॉकिंग यांचा आवाज कायमचा गेला. यावर संगणतज्ज्ञ डेव्हिड मेसन यांनी स्टीफन हॉकिंग यांच्या संगणकासाठी एक नवी आज्ञावली लिहून ती त्या संगणकात कार्यरत करून दिली. यामुळे संगणकाच्या आवाजाच्या माध्यमातून बोलणे हॉकिंग यांना शक्य झाले.

जीवनावरील चित्रपट[संपादन]

  • The Theory of Everything


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Stephen William Hawking, CH, CBE, FRS, FRSA (/ˈstiːvən ˈhɔːkɪŋ/ (About this sound listen); born 8 January 1942) is an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, author and Director of Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge.[16][17] His scientific works include a collaboration with Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativityand the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation. Hawking was the first to set out a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.[18][19]
Hawking is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award in the US. In 2002, Hawking was ranked number 25 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons. He was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in general; his book A Brief History of Time appeared on the British Sunday Times best-seller list for a record-breaking 237 weeks.
Hawking has a rare early-onset, slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) that has gradually paralysed him over the decades.[20][21] He now communicates using a single cheek muscle attached to a speech-generating device.


Early life and education

Family

Hawking was born on 8 January 1942[22] in Oxford, England, to Frank (1905–1986) and Isobel Hawking (née Walker; 1915–2013).[23][24] His mother was Scottish.[25] Despite their families' financial constraints, both parents attended the University of Oxford, where Frank read medicine and Isobel read Philosophy, Politics and Economics.[24] The two met shortly after the beginning of the Second World War at a medical research institute where Isobel was working as a secretary and Frank was working as a medical researcher.[24][26] They lived in Highgate; but, as London was being bombed in those years, Isobel went to Oxford to give birth in greater safety.[27] Hawking has two younger sisters, Philippa and Mary, and an adopted brother, Edward.[28]
In 1950, when Hawking's father became head of the division of parasitology at the National Institute for Medical Research, Hawking and his family moved to St Albans, Hertfordshire.[29][30] In St Albans, the family were considered highly intelligent and somewhat eccentric;[29][31] meals were often spent with each person silently reading a book.[29] They lived a frugal existence in a large, cluttered, and poorly maintained house and travelled in a converted London taxicab.[32][33] During one of Hawking's father's frequent absences working in Africa,[34] the rest of the family spent four months in Majorca visiting his mother's friend Beryl and her husband, the poet Robert Graves.[35]

Primary and secondary school years

Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School in Highgate, London. He later blamed its "progressive methods" for his failure to learn to read while at the school.[36][29] In St Albans, the eight-year-old Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months. At that time, younger boys could attend one of the houses.[35][37]
Hawking attended Radlett School, an independent school in the village of Radlett in Hertfordshire, for a year,[37] and from September 1952, St Albans School,[22][38] an independent school in the city of St Albans in Hertfordshire. The family placed a high value on education.[29] Hawking's father wanted his son to attend the well-regarded Westminster School, but the 13-year-old Hawking was ill on the day of the scholarship examination. His family could not afford the school fees without the financial aid of a scholarship, so Hawking remained at St Albans.[39][40] A positive consequence was that Hawking remained with a close group of friends with whom he enjoyed board games, the manufacture of fireworks, model aeroplanes and boats,[41] and long discussions about Christianity and extrasensory perception.[42] From 1958 on, with the help of the mathematics teacher Dikran Tahta, they built a computer from clock parts, an old telephone switchboard and other recycled components.[43][44]
Although known at school as "Einstein", Hawking was not initially successful academically.[45] With time, he began to show considerable aptitude for scientific subjects and, inspired by Tahta, decided to read mathematics at university.[46][47][48] Hawking's father advised him to study medicine, concerned that there were few jobs for mathematics graduates.[49] He also wanted his son to attend University College, Oxford, his own alma mater. As it was not possible to read mathematics there at the time, Hawking decided to study physics and chemistry. Despite his headmaster's advice to wait until the next year, Hawking was awarded a scholarship after taking the examinations in March 1959.[50][51]

Undergraduate years

Hawking began his university education at University College, Oxford[22] in October 1959 at the age of 17.[52] For the first 18 months, he was bored and lonely – he found the academic work "ridiculously easy".[53][54] His physics tutor, Robert Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done, and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it."[3] A change occurred during his second and third year when, according to Berman, Hawking made more of an effort "to be one of the boys". He developed into a popular, lively and witty college member, interested in classical music and science fiction.[52] Part of the transformation resulted from his decision to join the college boat club, the University College Boat Club, where he coxed a rowing crew.[55][56] The rowing coach at the time noted that Hawking cultivated a daredevil image, steering his crew on risky courses that led to damaged boats.[57][55]
Hawking has estimated that he studied about a thousand hours during his three years at Oxford. These unimpressive study habits made sitting his finals a challenge, and he decided to answer only theoretical physics questions rather than those requiring factual knowledge. A first-class honours degree was a condition of acceptance for his planned graduate study in cosmology at the University of Cambridge.[58][59] Anxious, he slept poorly the night before the examinations, and the final result was on the borderline between first- and second-class honours, making a viva (oral examination) necessary.[59][60] Hawking was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student. So, when asked at the oral to describe his future plans, he said, "If you award me a First, I will go to Cambridge. If I receive a Second, I shall stay in Oxford, so I expect you will give me a First."[59][61] He was held in higher regard than he believed; as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves".[59] After receiving a first-class BA (Hons.) degree in natural science and completing a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962.[22][62][63]

Graduate years

Hawking's first year as a doctoral student[15] was difficult. He was initially disappointed to find that he had been assigned Dennis William Sciama, one of the founders of modern cosmology, as a supervisor rather than noted astronomer Fred Hoyle,[64][65] and he found his training in mathematics inadequate for work in general relativity and cosmology.[66] After being diagnosed with motor neurone disease, Hawking fell into a depression – though his doctors advised that he continue with his studies, he felt there was little point.[67] However, his disease progressed more slowly than doctors had predicted. Although Hawking had difficulty walking unsupported, and his speech was almost unintelligible, an initial diagnosis that he had only two years to live proved unfounded. With Sciama's encouragement, he returned to his work.[68][69] Hawking started developing a reputation for brilliance and brashness when he publicly challenged the work of Fred Hoyle and his student Jayant Narlikar at a lecture in June 1964.[70][71]
When Hawking began his graduate studies, there was much debate in the physics community about the prevailing theories of the creation of the universe: the Big Bang and Steady State theories.[72] Inspired by Roger Penrose's theorem of a spacetime singularity in the centre of black holes, Hawking applied the same thinking to the entire universe; and, during 1965, he wrote his thesis on this topic.[73] There were other positive developments: Hawking received a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College;[74] he obtained his PhDdegree in applied mathematics and theoretical physics, specialising in general relativity and cosmology, in March 1966;[75] and his essay titled "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-Time" shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year's prestigious Adams Prize.


Disability

Hawking has a rare early-onset slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig's disease, that has gradually paralysed him over the decades.[21]
Hawking had experienced increasing clumsiness during his final year at Oxford, including a fall on some stairs and difficulties when rowing.[245][246] The problems worsened, and his speech became slightly slurred; his family noticed the changes when he returned home for Christmas, and medical investigations were begun.[247][248] The diagnosis of motor neurone disease came when Hawking was 21, in 1963. At the time, doctors gave him a life expectancy of two years.[249][250]
In the late 1960s, Hawking's physical abilities declined: he began to use crutches and ceased lecturing regularly.[251] As he slowly lost the ability to write, he developed compensatory visual methods, including seeing equations in terms of geometry.[252][253] The physicist Werner Israel later compared the achievements to Mozart composing an entire symphony in his head.[254][255] Hawking was, however, fiercely independent and unwilling to accept help or make concessions for his disabilities. He preferred to be regarded as "a scientist first, popular science writer second, and, in all the ways that matter, a normal human being with the same desires, drives, dreams, and ambitions as the next person."[256] His wife, Jane Hawking, later noted: "Some people would call it determination, some obstinacy. I've called it both at one time or another."[257] He required much persuasion to accept the use of a wheelchair at the end of the 1960s,[258] but ultimately became notorious for the wildness of his wheelchair driving.[259] Hawking was a popular and witty colleague, but his illness, as well as his reputation for brashness, distanced him from some.[257]
Hawking's speech deteriorated, and by the late 1970s he could be understood by only his family and closest friends. To communicate with others, someone who knew him well would translate his speech into intelligible speech.[260] Spurred by a dispute with the university over who would pay for the ramp needed for him to enter his workplace, Hawking and his wife campaigned for improved access and support for those with disabilities in Cambridge,[261][262] including adapted student housing at the university.[263] In general, however, Hawking had ambivalent feelings about his role as a disability rights champion: while wanting to help others, he also sought to detach himself from his illness and its challenges.[264]His lack of engagement in this area led to some criticism.[265]
During a visit to CERN on the border of France and Switzerland in mid-1985, Hawking contracted pneumonia, which in his condition was life-threatening; he was so ill that Jane was asked if life support should be terminated. She refused, but the consequence was a tracheotomy, which would require round-the-clock nursing care and remove what remained of his speech.[266][267] The National Health Service was ready to pay for a nursing home, but Jane was determined that he would live at home. The cost of the care was funded by an American foundation.[268][269] Nurses were hired for the three shifts required to provide the round-the-clock support he required. One of those employed was Elaine Mason, who was to become Hawking's second wife.[270]
For his communication, Hawking initially raised his eyebrows to choose letters on a spelling card.[271] But in 1986 he received a computer program called the "Equalizer" from Walter Woltosz, CEO of Words Plus, who had developed an earlier version of the software to help his mother-in-law, who also suffered from ALS and had lost her ability to speak and write.[272] In a method he uses to this day, Hawking could now simply press a switch to select phrases, words or letters from a bank of about 2,500–3,000 that are scanned.[273][274]The program was originally run on a desktop computer. However, Elaine Mason's husband, David, a computer engineer, adapted a small computer and attached it to his wheelchair.[275] Released from the need to use somebody to interpret his speech, Hawking commented that "I can communicate better now than before I lost my voice."[276] The voice he uses has an American accent and is no longer produced.[277][278] Despite the availability of other voices, Hawking has retained this original voice, saying that he prefers it and identifies with it.[279] At this point, Hawking activated a switch using his hand and could produce up to 15 words a minute.[143] Lectures were prepared in advance and were sent to the speech synthesiser in short sections to be delivered.[277]
Hawking gradually lost the use of his hand, and in 2005 he began to control his communication device with movements of his cheek muscles,[280][281][282] with a rate of about one word per minute.[281] With this decline there is a risk of his developing locked-in syndrome, so Hawking collaborated with Intel researchers on systems that could translate his brain patterns or facial expressions into switch activations. After several prototypes that did not perform as planned, they finally settled on an adaptive word predictor made by the London-based startup SwiftKey, which utilized a system similar to his original technology, so Hawking could adapt to it easier than a brand new complex system, and after inputting large amounts of Hawking's papers and other written materials, developed a satisfactory system that saves time by predicting words and phrases he uses frequently, similar to typing software used on most smartphones today.[282][283][171][284] By 2009 he could no longer drive his wheelchair independently, but the same people who created his new typing mechanics are working on a method to drive his chair using movements made by his chin. This has proven difficult, since Hawking cannot move his neck, and trials have shown that while he can indeed drive the chair, the movement is sporadic and jumpy.[283][285] He is experiencing increased breathing difficulties, requiring a ventilator at times, and has been hospitalised several times.[171]

Disability outreach

Hawking, without his wheelchair, floating weightless in the air inside a plane
Hawking taking a zero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet"
Since the 1990s, Hawking has accepted the mantle of role model for disabled people, lecturing and participating in fundraising activities.[286] At the turn of the century, he and eleven other luminaries signed the Charter for the Third Millennium on Disability, which called on governments to prevent disability and protect disability rights.[287][288] In 1999, Hawking was awarded the Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society.[289] Motivated by the desire to increase public interest in spaceflight and to show the potential of people with disabilities, in 2007 he participated in zero-gravity flight in a "Vomit Comet", courtesy of Zero Gravity Corporation, during which he experienced weightlessness eight times.[290][291][292][293]
In August 2012, Hawking narrated the "Enlightenment" segment of the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London.[294] In 2013, the biographical documentary film Hawking, in which Hawking himself is featured, was released.[295] In September 2013, he expressed support for the legalisation of assisted suicide for the terminally ill.[296] In August 2014, Hawking accepted the Ice Bucket Challenge to promote ALS/MND awareness and raise contributions for research. As he had pneumonia in 2013, he was advised not to have ice poured over him, but his children volunteered to accept the challenge on his behalf.[297]


Appearances in popular media

Further information: Stephen Hawking in popular culture
At the release party for the home video version of the A Brief History of Time, Leonard Nimoy, who had played Spock on Star Trek, learned that Hawking was interested in appearing on the show. Nimoy made the necessary contact, and Hawking played a holographic simulation of himself in an episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation in 1993.[333][334][335] The same year, his synthesiser voice was recorded for the Pink Floyd song "Keep Talking",[336][165] and in 1999 for an appearance on The Simpsons.[337] Hawking appeared in documentaries titled The Real Stephen Hawking (2001),[288] Stephen Hawking: Profile (2002) [338] and Hawking (2013), and the documentary series Stephen Hawking, Master of the Universe (2008).[339] Hawking has also guest-starred in Futurama[171] and The Big Bang Theory.[340]
Hawking allowed the use of his copyrighted voice[341][342] in the biographical 2014 film The Theory of Everything, in which he was portrayed by Eddie Redmayne in an Academy Award-winning role.[343] Hawking was featured at the Monty Python Live (Mostly) in 2014. He was shown to sing an extended version of the Galaxy Song, after running down Brian Cox with his wheelchair, in a pre-recorded video.[344][345]
Hawking has used his fame to advertise products, including a wheelchair,[288] National Savings,[346] British Telecom, Specsavers, Egg Banking,[347] and Go Compare.[348] He has applied to trademark his name.[349]

Awards and honours

Hawking and his daughter Lucy on stage at a presentation
Stephen Hawking being presented by his daughter Lucy Hawking at the lecture he gave for NASA's 50th anniversary
Hawking has received numerous awards and honours. Already early in the list, in 1974 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society(FRS). At that time, his nomination read:
Hawking has made major contributions to the field of general relativity. These derive from a deep understanding of what is relevant to physics and astronomy, and especially from a mastery of wholly new mathematical techniques. Following the pioneering work of Penrose he established, partly alone and partly in collaboration with Penrose, a series of successively stronger theorems establishing the fundamental result that all realistic cosmological models must possess singularities. Using similar techniques, Hawking has proved the basic theorems on the laws governing black holes: that stationary solutions of Einstein's equations with smooth event horizons must necessarily be axisymmetric; and that in the evolution and interaction of black holes, the total surface area of the event horizons must increase. In collaboration with G. Ellis, Hawking is the author of an impressive and original treatise on "Space-time in the Large".
The citation continues:
Other important work by Hawking relates to the interpretation of cosmological observations and to the design of gravitational wave detectors.[1]
Hawking received the 2015 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Basic Sciences shared with Viatcheslav Mukhanov for discovering that the galaxies were formed from quantum fluctuations in the early Universe. At the 2016 Pride of Britain Awards, Hawking received the lifetime achievement award "for his contribution to science and British culture".[350]

Stephen Hawking Medal For Science Communication

The Stephen Hawking Medal For Science Communication is an annual award initiated in 2016 that honours members of the arts community for contributions that help build awareness of science.[351] The STARMUS III festival in 2016 was the location of the inaugural awards ceremony for recipients of the medal. The award recipients (chosen by Hawking himself) were composer Hans Zimmer, physicist Jim Al-Khalili, and the science documentary Particle Fever.[352]

Publications

Popular books

Co-authored

Forewords

Children's fiction

Co-written with his daughter Lucy.

Films and series

Selected academic works

  • Hawking, S. W.; Penrose, R. (1970). "The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 314 (1519): 529–548. Bibcode:1970RSPSA.314..529H. doi:10.1098/rspa.1970.0021.
  • Hawking, S. (1971). "Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes". Physical Review Letters. 26 (21): 1344–1346. Bibcode:1971PhRvL..26.1344H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.1344.
  • Hawking, S.W. (1972). "Black holes in general relativity". Communications in Mathematical Physics. 25 (2): 152–166. Bibcode:1972CMaPh..25..152H. doi:10.1007/BF01877517.
  • Hawking, S. W. (1974). "Black hole explosions?". Nature. 248 (5443): 30–31. Bibcode:1974Natur.248...30H. doi:10.1038/248030a0.
  • Hawking, S.W. (1982). "The development of irregularities in a single bubble inflationary universe". Physics Letters B. 115 (4): 295–297. Bibcode:1982PhLB..115..295H. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(82)90373-2.
  • Hartle, J.; Hawking, S. (1983). "Wave function of the Universe". Physical Review D. 28 (12): 2960–2975. Bibcode:1983PhRvD..28.2960H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2960.
  • Hawking, S. (2005). "Information loss in black holes". Physical Review D. 72 (8): 084013. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72h4013H. arXiv:hep-th/0507171 Freely accessible. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013
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